Art Movements & Styles

Important:

This area has been developed to briefly introduce different movements and styles of art. Follow up with additional research and analysis by exploring the many artists and artworks in each of these styles - this will greatly expand your creative thinking skills and open the doors to many different design possibilities!

artwork
Full Fathom Five by Jackson Pollock

abstract expressionism

Characterized by the use of abstract forms, expressive brushwork, and unconventional techniques to convey emotions and ideas rather than depicting recognizable objects or scenes. It represents a radical departure from traditional artistic conventions, prioritizing individual expression, spontaneity, and the exploration of the subconscious mind.

artwork
La Ghirlandata by Dante Gabriel Rossetti

aestheticism

This movement sought to prioritize beauty, creativity, and individual expression and to escape the ugliness and materialism of the Industrial Age. Artists were celebrated as a creative genius and sought to create visually appealing works that delighted the senses and evoked emotional responses – “Art for Art's sake.” Aesthetic artworks often featured symbolic and mythical elements.

artwork
From the Beni Hassan tomb paintings by Unknown

ancient art

Refers to art that spanned from prehistoric times up to around the 5th century AD. It is characterized by its integration with religious, ceremonial, and daily life often reflecting the beliefs of the cultures that produced it. It encompassed a wide variety of mediums, techniques, and styles including prehistoric, ancient Near Eastern, Egyptian, Greek, Chinese, Indian, Aegean, Etruscan, and Roman art.

artwork
Young Lady With Gloves by Tamara de Lempicka

art deco

Characterized by bold geometric shapes, lavish ornamentation, and a sleek, modern aesthetic that reflects the technological advancements of the 1920-30s. Designs often exhibit a strong sense of symmetry and repetition, with motifs and patterns arranged in balanced compositions that emphasize harmony and order.

artwork
Rêverie by Alphonse Mucha

art nouveau

Characterized by its ornate and highly decorative style, inspired by natural forms, and a desire to break away from the academic traditions of the time. Designs often featured flowing lines and curves inspired by the shapes of plants, flowers, and other natural elements in asymmetrical balance.

artwork
Strawberry Thief by William Morris

arts & crafts

This movement sought to revive traditional craftsmanship and emphasize the importance of handmade objects with simple forms, natural materials, and decorative motifs. It advocated for a holistic approach to design, where every aspect of an object worked together harmoniously to create a unified whole.

artwork
Homage to New York by Jean Tinguely

avante-garde

Innovative and experimental approaches to art that challenges established norms, conventions, and traditions. Key characteristics of avant-garde art include innovation, experimentation, and rebellion. Artists often engage with contemporary social issuesmay and seek to engage their audience, making them question their assumptions or confront uncomfortable truths.

artwork
The Calling of St. Matthew by Caravaggio

baroque

An elaborate and highly detailed style of art characterized by its dynamic movement, emotional intensity, passion, and dramatic use of light and shadow, often referred to as chiaroscuro. Artists paid great attention to detail and aimed for realistic depictions of their subjects. Many works have strong religious themes and figures are often arranged in dramatic poses and expressions.

artwork
Red Balloon by Paul Klee

bauhaus

The Bauhaus art school embraced the principle that the design of an object should be determined by its intended function. This style features clean lines, geometric shapes, and minimal use of decoration. Emphasis is placed on essential elements of form and structure using a distinct palette of bold primary colors and contrasting hues.

artwork
Apse mosaic from The San Vitale Basilica

byzantine

This art is characterized by its extensive use of mosaics, focus on religious themes, and an emphasis on grandeur and spirituality. It influenced and was influenced by the cultures and traditions of the Mediterranean and Near East. Mosaics used small pieces of colored glass, stone, or gold, called tesserae. Gold backgrounds in paintings and mosaics symbolize the divine light and heavenly realm.

artwork
St. Mark from the Ebbo Gospels

carolingian

This period saw a revival of interest in the art and culture of Classical Antiquity, along with the development of a distinct artistic style that blended Roman, Early Christian, Byzantine, and Germanic elements. One of the most significant forms of this art is the illuminated manuscript, which featured elaborate decorations and illustrations, and the establishment of scriptoria, or writing centers.

artwork
Venus de Milo by Alexandros of Antioch

classical antiquity

Art characterized by its emphasis on realism, idealism, and the human figure. It laid the foundation for Western art traditions. Greek artists, particularly, emphasized harmony and proportion, using mathematical ratios to create aesthetically pleasing and balanced compositions. Pottery and mosaics featured painted scenes showing intricate designs, patterns, and storytelling.

artwork
One and three chairs by Joseph Kosuth

conceptual art

This style prioritizes the idea or concept behind the artwork over the aesthetic or visual appeal. Conceptual artists often challenge traditional notions of art and question the notion of what art is. Sol LeWitt wrote “the idea itself, even if it is not made visual, is as much of a work of art as any finished product.”

artwork
Books (Please)! by Alexander Rodchenko

constructivism

This style emphasized the use of industrial materials and techniques in art that reflected modern life and the ideals of a Soviet socialist society. Works were created to be accessible to the masses (propaganda) and featured geometric shapes, clean lines, and bold colors often depicting themes of industry and labor.

artwork
Fragments by Ai Weiwei

contemporary

Refers to the art produced by artists living and working in the present time reflecting the ever-changing cultural, social, and technological landscapes of today's world. Artists often draw inspiration from various sources, including current events, popular culture, personal experiences, and global issues.

artwork
Jurassic Park Logo by Chip Kidd

corporate

Artwork acquired, commissioned, or displayed by corporations for various purposes, including enhancing the aesthetic appeal of corporate spaces, communicating corporate identity or values, and investing in cultural initiatives. Art collections can also serve as investments and corporations may engage in patronage by supporting artists, galleries, and museums.

artwork
Three Musicians by Pablo Picasso

cubism

Objects are broken down, analyzed, and reassembled in abstracted form, often depicting multiple viewpoints simultaneously. Analytical Cubism focuses on breaking down objects into geometric shapes and analyzing their forms from multiple viewpoints. Synthetic Cubism involves the use of collage elements and other materials to construct compositions.

artwork
The Art Critic by Raoul Hausmann

dada

An avant-garde art movement characterized by its rejection of traditional aesthetic values, rationality, and societal norms. This artwork frequently incorporates elements of absurdity, randomness, and nonsensical language to disrupt established conventions and provoke thought defying traditional notions of beauty and meaning.

artwork
Composition No.II by Piet Mondrian

de stijl

This style embraced geometric shapes such as squares, rectangles, and straight lines. It sought to reduce forms to their most essential and universal elements emphasizing simplicity, abstraction, and harmony. Artwork typically features a limited palette of primary colors along with black, white, and shades of gray along with grids and intersecting lines to organize space and structure.

artwork
Hoescht AG Building by Peter Behrens

deutscher werkbund

A German association with the aim of bringing together traditional craftsmanship with industrial mass production to improve design quality and competitiveness. They aimed to create a unified aesthetic language that would enhance everyday objects and structures and were influential in shaping modern design principles, emphasizing functionality, simplicity, and quality materials.

artwork
Moses and the Burning Bush mural in Dura-Europos Church

early christian

Art produced by Christians in the early centuries of the Common Era. This period encompasses the time when Christianity was still a persecuted religion within the Roman Empire until it became the empire's official religion under Emperor Constantine. Early Christian art is characterized by its development from Roman artistic traditions and its focus on Christian themes and symbolism.

artwork
The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh

early modern

This movement represents a significant departure from the academic traditions and encompasses a wide range of styles and movements that challenged conventional forms of representation. Artists sought to break away from traditional techniques and explore new ways of expressing themselves in themes related to individual experience, psychology, and emotion.

artwork
The Scream by Edvard Munch

expressionsism

This movement emphasized the expression of inner emotions and feelings rather than the representation of objective reality. Artists sought to convey their subjective experiences through distortion, exaggeration, and bold use of color and form. Art frequently depicted themes of anxiety and alienation, portraying the world as a place of intense emotion and psychological tension.

artwork
Charing Cross Bridge, London by André Derain

fauvism

This movement is characterized by its bold and vivid use of color, often applied in broad strokes, simplified forms, and a departure from traditional representation. Fauvist artists rejected the naturalistic color palette and representational accuracy of Impressionism. Instead, they favored subjective expression with intense and arbitrary color choices to evoke emotion and sensation.

artwork
Cityscapes by Lotta Nieminen

flat design

A minimalist design approach characterized by simplicity, clarity, and the absence of three-dimensional effects such as shadows, gradients, or textures that create depth which focuses on clean lines, solid colors, and basic geometric shapes. Clear, easy-to-read typography as well as bright colors are emphasized.

artwork
Moon by George Brecht

fluxus

This movement rejected the commodification of art and supported the promotion of art as a lived experience that could be accessible to all. Artists embraced everyday objects and actions. While Fluxus did not adhere to a strict aesthetic or style, it was united by its anti-establishment ethos and its emphasis on experimentation and innovation.

artwork
Funeral of the Anarchist Galli by Carlo Carrà

futurism

This style is characterized by its fascination with movement, machinery, youth, violence, and the urban environment. The artworks often depict scenes of bustling cities, industrial landscapes, and the speed of modern transportation. Artists sought to convey a sense of motion and energy through fragmented forms, dynamic lines, and bold colors.

artwork
Komposition 8 by Vasily Kandinsky

geometric

A style of visual art that employs geometric shapes, lines, and forms as its primary elements of composition. This style focuses on abstract forms, often emphasizing symmetry, precision, and mathematical principles. Various techniques are used such as precise measurements, grids, repetition, and complex patterns.

artwork
The Wilton Diptych by Unknown

gothic

A style of medieval art that evolved from Romanesque art characterized by its emphasis on height, light, and detailed ornamentation to create a spiritual and transcendent experience. Gothic painting saw the rise of altarpieces and panel paintings as well as frescoes, murals, and stained glass windows that often depicted religious narratives and scenes from the lives of the saints.

artwork
Girl with Balloon by Banksy

graffiti/street art

Visual art created in public spaces, often illicitly, using various techniques such as spray paint, stencils, stickers, and posters. It encompasses a wide range of artistic styles, from simple tags and signatures to elaborate murals and installations and often addresses social, political, and cultural themes. It can also serve as a means of beautifying and revitalizing neglected spaces.

artwork
Hamlet Exploration by David Carson

grunge

Refers to art that often incorporates elements of punk, alternative rock, and underground culture and is frequently associated with the grunge music scene of the 1980s and 1990s. It is characterized by its gritty and raw aesthetic that may include rough textures, distressed imagery, collage techniques, and a sense of rebellion or disillusionment.

artwork
From Slavery Through Reconstruction by Aaron Douglas

harlem renaissance

A movement often characterized by a celebration of African American heritage, identity, and pride that explored themes such as racial identity and social justice while infusing their art with elements of the everyday life of Harlem. Artists sought to challenge stereotypes and depict the richness and diversity of African American life.

artwork
I Want You for U.S. Army by James Montgomery Flagg

heroic realism

A style of art (propaganda) characterized by idealized and heroic representations of subjects, often portraying leaders, soldiers, workers, and other individuals as strong, noble, and larger-than-life heroes of certain virtues or ideologies. This style often emphasized themes of patriotism, nationalism, strength, and sacrifice, aiming to glorify the values and ideals of the ruling regime.

artwork
Where the Wild Things Are by Maurice Sendak

illustrated

Art where drawn images play a central role in conveying a message, story, or concept. Illustrations are often found in books, magazines, advertisements, posters, comics, graphic novels, and animations, among other mediums, such as drawing, painting, printmaking, digital art, and more.

artwork
Impression, Sunrise by Claude Monet

impressionism

Characterized by its emphasis on capturing the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere, artists sought to depict their immediate visual impressions of a scene rather than creating highly detailed and polished images. Features include visible brushstrokes and vibrant colors which were often painted outdoors to capture the changing effects of light on landscapes, urban scenes, and everyday life.

artwork
Christ Enthroned from the Book of Kells

insular art

Also known as Hiberno-Saxon art, it refers to a distinct style of art characterized by its intricate patterns, elaborate decoration, and fusion of various cultural influences. This art blends traditional Celtic motifs with Germanic elements, reflecting the cultural interactions between the native Celtic populations and incoming Anglo-Saxons. Christian themes and symbols are dominant.

artwork
Powers of the Earth by Otto Neurath

isotype

Short for International System of Typographic Picture Education, it is a method of conveying information in simple everyday terms through visual symbols or pictograms which are used to represent data with repeated figures in charts and infographics. Higher quantities are represented by a greater number of same-sized pictograms, not by enlarging a pictogram.

artwork
Dogs Playing Poker by Cassius Marcellus Coolidge

kitsch

Characterized by its tacky or gratuitous style, this eccentric art form often features subjects that are considered to be in poor taste, such as mass-produced trinkets, sentimental images, or clichéd themes. It embraces elements that are considered to be popular or appealing to mass taste often incorporating bright colors and exaggerated forms aiming to evoke a strong emotional response.

artwork
Balloon Dog by Jeff Koons

late modern

Art that represents a continuation of the innovation that characterized early modern art, with artists exploring new techniques and concepts in response to the rapidly changing modern world. It includes abstract expressionism, minimalism, pop art, conceptual art, and postmodernism and is characterized by experimentation and a questioning of the conventions and boundaries of art.

artwork
Kiss of Judas by Giotto di Bondone

medieval art

Refers to art produced during the Middle Ages, roughly from the 5th century to the 15th century. It often served religious purposes, reflecting the central role of the Church by depicting biblical scenes and glorifying God. Secular works were also produced featuring themes of chivalry and courtly love. Categories include Early Christian, Byzantine, Insular, Gothic Ottonian, Carolingian, and Romanesque Art.

artwork
Set Design by Philip Lück

memphis design

The Memphis Group sought to challenge the minimalist design principles of the preceding decades and is characterized by its bold use of color, geometric shapes, and unconventional patterns. Designs often feature asymmetry, clashing combinations of bright colors, and whimsical, playful elements.

artwork
Two Open Modular Cubes/Half-Off by Sol LeWitt

minimalism

Characterized by extreme simplicity of form and a focus on the inherent qualities of materials, artists typically seek to reduce their works to essential elements by stripping away extraneous details and ornamentation. Minimalist artworks often use simple geometric shapes, clean lines, and a restricted color palette emphasizing repetition, symmetry, and precise craftsmanship.

artwork
Woman I by Willem de Kooning

modernism

Modernism represents a period of dynamic change and innovation, characterized by a spirit of experimentation, exploration, and a relentless pursuit of artistic freedom. Key characteristics include experimentation with form and technique, often experimenting with abstraction, distortion, and fragmentation with a focus on inner feelings, psychological states, and existential themes.

artwork
The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David

neoclassicism

A reaction against the frivolity and extravagance of the preceding Rococo style, this movement sought to revive the classical ideals of ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing clarity, order, and rationality. Artists adhered to strict rules of composition, employing balanced and symmetrical arrangements. They favored clear outlines, crisp forms, and a restrained color palette.

artwork
Tesla Smart App by Gavrisov Dimitri

neumorphism

A design trend that emerged in digital interface design that focuses on creating elements that mimic real-world objects, reminiscent of skeuomorphism, but with a more subtle and minimalist approach. Elements appear to be slightly raised, giving the impression of depth and tactility and often use monochromatic or muted color palettes with minimalist layouts for a clean and modern aesthetic.

artwork
Exhibition: The Professional Photographer by Jan Tschichold

new typography

This movement was characterized by a departure from traditional typographic conventions and a focus on clarity, simplicity, and functionality. Some defining features of this style include sans-serif typefaces, grid systems, photography, photomontage, and the use of asymmetry and dynamic composition with an emphasis on functionality, clarity, and innovation.

artwork
Logos by Saul Bass

NY school of design

The New York School of Design refers to a movement in graphic design characterized by its emphasis on simplicity, minimalism, clarity, functionality, grid systems, and corporate identity. There was also a focus on experimentation and innovation, influences of fine art, and typography that emphasised sans-serif typefaces along with careful attention to hierarchy and readability.

artwork
The Snake Charmer by Jean-Léon Gérôme

orientalism

A genre depicting scenes, figures, and landscapes from the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia that was influenced by the European fascination with the "Orient" and showcased a meticulous attention to detail. Artwork often portrayed idealized images of Eastern cultures, landscapes, and people, reflecting Western fantasies, stereotypes, and perceptions rather than accurate depictions.

artwork
Two Calla Lillies by Georgia O'Keeffe

organic art

Art that sought to reconnect with the natural world to express its beauty, complexity, and vitality. It is inspired by shapes, textures, and patterns found in nature, organic forms, and living organisms. Dynamic compositions that mimic growth and movement are featured with an aim to evoke emotional responses by capturing the beauty, fragility, and resilience of the natural world.

artwork
Illustration from the Bamberg Apocalypse

ottonian

This period is named after the three German kings and Holy Roman Emperors named Otto and is characterized by a revival of art and culture reminiscent of the Carolingian Renaissance, with influences from Byzantine and Early Christian traditions. Ottonian art were often grand in scale and served both religious and political purposes, emphasizing the power and piety of the Ottonian rulers.

artwork
Double Self-Portrait by Richard Estes

photorealism

Also known as super-realism or hyper-realism, this is a genre of art characterized by the meticulous depiction of subjects with such detail and precision that they resemble high-resolution photographs. Art exhibits an extreme level of detail and meticulously rendered textures, reflections, and the replication of camera effects like lens distortion or shallow depth of field.

artwork
The Seine and la Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat

pointillism

This movement is characterized by the use of small, distinct dots or points of pure color arranged in patterns to form an image. Artists could create a more vibrant effect than by mixing colors on the palette by juxtaposing small dots of complementary colors. The technique relied on the viewer's eye blending the colors optically from a distance, rather than through traditional blending techniques.

artwork
Crying Girl by Roy Lichtenstein

pop art

This movement is characterized by its use of popular culture imagery and mass media themes, often drawn from advertising, comic books, consumer products, and celebrity culture. It incorporates everyday objects and images into artistic expression, blurring the boundaries between high and low culture while infusing irony, humor, and social commentary.

artwork
The Gulf of Marseille Seen from L’Estaque by Paul Cézanne

post-impressionism

This art movement emerged as a reaction against the limitations of Impressionism where artists sought to fill their works with more structure, form, and emotion. They retained some of the techniques of the Impressionists, but experimented with new ways of depicting space, form, and perspective. They often explored personal expression and symbolism in their works.

artwork
Marilyn Diptych by Andy Warhol

postmodernism

A movement that challenged the notion of artistic progress and the idea of a singular, universal truth or style. Artists frequently engage with issues such as consumerism, mass media, globalization, identity politics, and the commodification of art and culture. They often employ irony, satire, and parody to critique prevailing ideologies, undermining traditional notions of authenticity and sincerity.

artwork
St. Albert & the LSD Revelation Revolution by Alex Grey

psychedelic

A style associated with the experience induced by hallucinogenic drugs characterized by vivid colors, intricate patterns (fractals, mandalas, kaleidoscopic), surreal imagery, and a sense of visual distortion or expansion. It frequently explores themes of spirituality, mysticism, and transcendence and embraced a celebration of personal freedom and self-expression.

artwork
The Wheat Sifters by Gustave Courbet

realism

This art sought to depict the world as it truly appeared, focusing on everyday subjects, ordinary people, and contemporary life with accuracy and meticulous detail. It rejected the idealized and romanticized depictions of the world common in academic art and sought to bring attention to the plight of the working class and expose the harsh realities of life for many in society.

artwork
The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci

renaissance

Art produced roughly from the 14th to the 17th century in Europe characterized by a renewed interest in the classical art and philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome. Works featured humanism, naturalism, realism, chiaroscuro (a treatment of light and shadow to add depth and volume), themes from Greek and Roman mythology, literature, and history, and the adoption of oil paints.

artwork
W.D. McIntyre by Adam Nickel

retro

Art inspired by or reminiscent of past eras that evokes a sense of nostalgia for a bygone era. It features visual elements, motifs, and design aesthetics associated with the past. Artists often reinterpret and remix nostalgic elements by blending retro aesthetics with contemporary styles or incorporating modern techniques to create a fresh take on retro-inspired art.

artwork
The Happy Accidents of the Swing by Jean-Honoré Fragonard

rococo

An ornate and highly decorative style characterized by its emphasis on elegance, gracefulness, and lightness, as well as its elaborate ornamentation and asymmetrical compositions. Art often features soft colors, delicate curves, intricate details, as well as playful and lighthearted themes that can depict scenes of leisure, love, and nature, as well as mythological and allegorical subjects.

artwork
The Bayeux Tapestry by Unknown

romanesque

A style of medieval European art characterized by its robust and monumental architecture, sculpture, and decorative arts. Sculptures were heavily influenced by religious themes with figures that were stylized rather than naturalistic and paintings often featured vivid colors and elaborate patterns with a focus on conveying spiritual messages rather than realistic representation.

artwork
Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix

romanticism

Romanticism sought to emphasize individualism, emotion, imagination, and the sublime. It is characterized by its emphasis on emotion, passion, imagination, and nature. Artists often drew inspiration from their national heritage, folklore, and mythology, seeking to capture the unique spirit and identity of their homeland as well as individuals who defied societal norms.

artwork
Winamp Skin by Anja

skeuomorphism

A design technique in which elements of a digital interface mimic the appearance or functionality of real-world objects. An example would be a digital button designed to look like a physical button with a three-dimensional raised edge appearance. By leveraging the familiarity of real-world objects, these designs try to create a sense of comfort and intuitiveness.

artwork
Black Square by Kazimir Malevich

suprematism

A movement characterized by its focus on geometric forms arranged in dynamic compositions. The movement aimed to explore the fundamental elements of art, such as color and form, in their purest, most abstract manifestations. A key principle was a belief in the supremacy of pure artistic feeling that moves beyond the limitations of representational art in favor of non-objective abstraction.

artwork
The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali

surrealism

This art often incorporates dream-like imagery, with bizarre, fantastical, or hallucinatory elements. It challenges the boundaries of reality and explores the subconscious seeking to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind by juxtaposing seemingly unrelated images in unexpected and irrational ways.

artwork
Beethoven by Josef Müller-Brockmann

swiss design

Also known as the International Typographic Style, it is characterized by its minimalist and grid-based approach, emphasizing cleanliness, readability, and objectivity. Swiss design emphasizes the use of sans-serif typefaces, asymmetrical layouts, and high contrast between typography and imagery with a strong emphasis on hierarchy and functionality.

artwork
The Apparition by Josef Müller-Brockmann

symbolism

This movemement aimed to express abstract and often spiritual ideas through symbols and metaphors rather than directly depicting reality. These works often feature dreamlike imagery, fantastical landscapes, and mysterious or otherworldly figures. Artists sought to evoke emotional responses while exploring themes such as spirituality, mysticism, and the subconscious mind.

artwork
The Thinker in The Gates of Hell by Auguste Rodin

3D

Artwork that occupies space and has volume, as opposed to traditional two-dimensional artwork, which is flat. 3D art encompasses a wide range of mediums, techniques, and styles, including sculpture, installation art, and some digital art.

artwork
Lizard (No. 56) by M.C. Escher

tessellation art

A form of visual art that involves creating patterns through the repetition of shapes that fit together perfectly without any gaps or overlaps. These shapes, often geometric, can be simple like squares and triangles or more complex and irregular forms. This art form is closely related to mathematical concepts and often explores symmetry, transformation, and spatial relationships.

artwork
Bring in Da Noise Poster by Paula Scher

typographic

Refers to the creative use of typography as the primary visual element in artistic compositions making text the central focus and subject of the art. Artists often explore the expressive potential of letterforms and words to convey emotions, concepts, or narratives visually and carefully consider factors such as alignment, spacing, hierarchy, and balance.

artwork
Mother and Child (Cherries) by Frederic Leighton

victorian era

The Victorian era is characterized by a wide range of styles and movements. It is difficult to encapsulate the entire period under a single artistic style, but several key characteristics that define Victorian art include romanticism, realism, the arts and crafts movement, and academic art, which emphasized technical skill as well as historical and mythological subject matter.

artwork
The Kiss by Gustav Klimt

vienna secession

This movement embraced the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk, or total work of art, which aimed to unify various art forms, including painting, sculpture, architecture, design, and decorative arts, into a cohesive whole. This approach reflected the movement's desire to create a complete artistic experience with a commitment to "freedom of the arts" and a pursuit of artistic independence.

artwork
Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool by Edward Wadsworth

vorticism

This movement sought to capture the energy and dynamism of the modern industrial world. Works are characterized by geometric abstraction, angular forms, and bold, dynamic compositions reflecting interest in rapid movement, urban chaos, and technological progress. Art aimed to reflect the essence of modernity, often emphasizing themes such as speed, power, and mechanization.